Criticism of the Verification Principle in A.J. Ayers Book Language, Truth and Logic :: Philosophy

Criticism of the Verification Principle in A.J. Ayer's Book Language, Truth and Logic INTRODUCTION This essay will consist in an exposition and criticism of the Verification Principle, as expounded by A.J. Ayer in his book Language, Truth and Logic. Ayer, wrote this book in 1936, but also wrote a new introduction to the second edition ten years later. The latter amounted to a revision of his earlier theses on the principle.It is to both accounts that this essay shall be referring. Firstly, I shall expound the verification principle. I shall then show that its condition of significant types is inexhaustible, and that this makes the principle inapplicable. In doing so, I shall have exposed serious inconsistencies in Ayer's theory of meaning, which is a necessary part of his modified verification principle. I shall also expound Ayer's theory of knowledge, as related in his book. I will show this theory to contain logical errors, making his modified version of the principle flawed from a second angle. The relationship of this essay with the two prior essays of this series can be understood from Ayer's Preface to the First Edition of his book: The views which are put forward in this treatise derive from the doctrines of Bertrand Russell and Wittgenstein. For background interest, Language, Truth and Logic was written after Ayer had attended some of the meetings of the Vienna Circle, in the 1930's. Friedrich Waismann and Moritz Schlick headed these logical positivists of Vienna. Their principle doctrine can be said to have been founded in the meetings they had with Wittgenstein and their interpretation of his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Ayer's book expounds and, in his view, improves on the principle doctrine of the Vienna Circle 'the verification principle'. Waismann and Schlick adopted this principle after it was first given to them by Wittgenstein himself. Waismann recorded the conversation, where Wittgenstein stated: If I say, for example, 'Up there on the cupboard there is a book', how do I set about verifying it? Is it sufficient if I glance at it, or if I look at it from different sides, or if I take it into my hands, touch it, open it, turn its leaves, and so forth? There are two conceptions here. One of them says that however I set about it, I shall never be able to verify the proposition completely. A proposition always keeps a back door open, as it were.

Lucy Liu :: Charlies Angels

Lucy Liu Lucy Liu is an important figure in the Asian American community. She is one of the few Asian actors who sas made it big in the film world. She has starred in a television series, "Ally McBeal," and also in movies. Her biggest impact in the film world has been the movie Charlie's Angels, in which she instills strength in being a woman and also brings in elements of her Asian background. Lucy Liu has indeed broken the stereotype of Asian Americans as she is not passive or submissive. Lucy Liu has become an important figure in the Asian American community. In a quote by AskMen.com, â€Å"Lucy Liu has broken the mold that Asian actors are prone to passivity, and made herself a veritable star.† She is seen as a serious actress because her popularity is soaring in Hollywood. Hollywood has a very minimal Asian influence, but Lucy Liu has made it as a sought-after star. One of her most memorable characters is her being one of the three agents in Charlie’s Angels. Typically, most of the Asian women in the past have been created to have stereotypes such as the â€Å"dragon lady†, who is a beautiful evil villain, and other characters that are passive and submissive to their men. Lucy Liu’s character in Charlie’s Angels is a strong, powerful woman. Although this is just a fictional character, the way her character is perceived is that she is in control of her situations and she is able to â€Å"kick butt.† It gives me pride knowing that a person of my ethnicity can become so successful, and it gives me hope that I can accomplish great things as well. Her character shows that Asian women are not just two dimensional.

Teachers Education Essay -- Educating Teachers Teaching Technology Es

Teachers' Education Not only do the rapid growth of technology changed the way we live, from the way business is conducted to the way we communicate with each other, technology advancements are also affecting the way we teach and learn. According to the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), new skills needed in the workplace are catalysts that spur technology use in the classroom. It is clear that the business world demand schools to prepare educated workers who are skilled at working in teams, can effectively solve problems, are able to process and apply information, and who can use technology effectively in the global market place in order to maximize productivity. Thus, the challenges and educational goals for schools should focus on creating appropriate learning environments that integrate technology as well as foster the needed skills to empower students. This paper describes the characteristics of teacher-centered classrooms and student-centered learning environment. In addition, this paper will explain the significance of teacher education for the effective implementation of technology as well as student-centered learning environment in K-12 classrooms. In the traditional teacher-centered classroom, teachers are expected to be the subject matter experts. They present the information in textbooks and when students asked questions, it is the job of the teacher to guide the students to think in such a way that they arrive at ‘correct’ answers (Carter, 1997). Students are also expected to learn factual-based knowledge and assessment is often based on the information they delivered from their rote skills. In the 21st century classroom, the role of teachers is to facilitate learning by coordinat... ...e: Developing technology goals for a college of education. Journal of Teacher Education, 47(4), 300-306. International Society for Technology in Education (1997). National educational technology standards. Retrieved June 19, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.iste.org/Resources/Projects/TechStaamdards/NETS/ Malone, M. N. (1998). Make them believers. Technology & Learning, 18(7), 44-45. National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (1997). Technology and the new professional teacher: Preparing for the 21st century classroom report. Retrieved May 26, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ncate.prg/projects/tech/TECH.HTM Norman, K. (1997). Teaching in the switched on classroom: An introduction to electronic education and hypercourseware. Retrieved September 28, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.lap.umd.edu/SOC/sochome.html

Local Exchange Essay

When you send an email from New York to Japan, that email,is sent from your home to the local exchange point over the access network. Once it is in the local exchange it is then sent to aggregating points in different cities and counties over the regional network. Then it is aggregated and transported over the long-haul network so that it reaches the launching point at the country shoreline where it is then sent over the ocean network to Japan. Once there, the email is sent back over the long-haul or regional network to the local exchange and then on to the individual receiving the email. This occurs using mostly fiber optics so the speeds at which all this takes is at the speed of light which is approximately 127,000 miler per second. To understand how to interface with the local exchange you must first understand the different networks that comprise it. The first network being the access network. The access network is the network that connects the individual user or business with the telecommunications system. This is made up of a series of fiber-optic and copper cabling and passive and active equipment that connects you to the local exchange. The central office at the local exhange contains the switching equipment to direct your telephone, data , video, etc. to where it needs to go. The access network is very important to the local exchange since its the part that reaches the end user, who is you, and connects them. The metro network, sometimes called a MAN (metro area network), is where the information is collected from the local exchange of the service provider as well as other service providers and and then sent on to the regional and long-haul networks. The regional network, sometimes called a WAN (wide area network) is basically just a larger version of the MAN or metro network. This is usually the last point before the information is sent to the core network. The core network or long-haul networkis responsible for sending the information collected from the metro and regional networks over very long distances to the metro and regional networks of a different part of the geography, for example sending the email from New York to Japan. Because of the great distances this information must travel on the long-haul network these networks will be set up so that there is always more than one route to get to the destination point. Ocean networks are the most complicated and technically advanced  networks that connect different continents to one another. These networks are also the most expensive to install since optical fiber cables for these networks have to be installed on or under the ocean floor.

Attention levels in children

Topic Observe a tiddler of under five years and chin-wag on their guardianship take aims in tattle to the research carried place by Cooper, Moodey and Reynell (78). Is their forethought at an age appropriate level? Child observed Hamza Age 1 year 5 months Attention level develops as a child grows, it develops with age, keister up a child concentrate break away on his surroundings and learn parvenu things. It is also very important for speech development. Hamza is a one(a) and a one-half year old child who is ery wide awake and is divulgen set upting into mischief at completely times of the day.He has a single line of mind when it comes to doing things his way and he is seen play with his toys for hardly a few transactions at a time. He is fonder of play with electrical appliances and will cry and squawk until he gets what he wants. Then one can see him playing and laughing for a long time. One of his favored activities is playing with a torch light. He will si t on the infrastructure and play with it, switching it on and off, until its atteries cause out. Then he starts to whine and his fear has to be diverted with a nonher activity.Hamza correspondings to expand and close the drawers, causing frequent mishaps. At this time, he is not willing to take heed to anyone who calls him and does not respond to his name being called out. At times, he screams if he is called oer and over again while he is playing with the drawers, indicating that he did not like the interruption. He will rush back into the room and start opening them and exploring he contents of the drawer if someone carries him out and tries to divert his anxiety.Thus, he displays the rigid attention correspond, as he is not advantageously distracted from his activities. The best way of distracting him is by getting him to play hide and seek. He will forget all well-nigh his mischievous activities and rush to search anyone who is hiding, peeping piece of ass the curtain s. Then one can see him playing for hours at an end, and frequently the adults get tired of his innocent play, but he continues o play happily, running to go and hide behind the curtains.Here again he displays the rigid attention stage, where he has to be distracted by an activity which he sleep withs and the adult ahs to follow his lead, thus need him. He displays bouts of anger when he does not get what he wants or when things ar not done as he pleases. His rigid attention stage is panoptical once again when it is time for him to eat. He will not eat a single morsel of food, no issue how he is coaxed until he sees an airplane ephemeral by. As he s restless waving Bye to the airplane, one places a morsel of food into his mouth. After that his mystify plays with him as she helps him finish his meal. At this stage he is beyond the fleeting attention stage, as he is better fitted to concentrate on what he is doing and enjoy his activities. However, he displays clear signs of r igid manner at this age. Thus, his attention levels are at an age appropriate level in relation to the research by Cooper, Moodey and Reynell.

Comparison of Сolonies

Comparison of Ð ¡olonies

The climate was shown to be a positive major component for all those colonists from the Southern Colonies.Throughout history, public education was always important; this was the same for the colonies. Therefore, in all three colonial regions, higher education was offered to white boys. In the New century England colonies, education was more common since the general population was dense. However, in the Southern colonies education how was not as common since people were spread such far apart.One thing its possible to take far away from this map and use in your maps.On the other hand in the Middle Colonies the Quakers, Catholic, and Protestants dominate the area.And in the South, the new church of England dominated. Great colonies need great governments. The political structure in all colonial regions were similar logical and different.

Is use the exact colours for the exact same notions.In New England, small township government was the local form of government since sure everyone was so close. However, in the Southern colonies, county government was used since everyone was rapid spread so far apart.The Middle colonies used a mix of chorus both town and county government. Lastly, economy how was both similar and different in the regions.These colonies growth wasnt excellent for Americans.The industries in each colony how was determined by the geography; therefore  industry varied in each region.In the New England colonies, the static main industries were fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, lumbering, logical and making beaver hats. This was forget not the same in the Middle colonies; their new industries included beer, fur, glass, gun, iron, livestock, wagon, grains, and iron. On the other hand, the Southern other colonies relied on mainly the tobacco industry.

Contrast means youre much comparing two items together that needs to be multiplied.Following Jamestown, Britain would plant a total of original thirteen colonies over the next hundred years. These colonies empty can be grouped into three regions. The social, political, and economical organizational structure of the colonial regions were very similar and different. What would one day become the first great United States of America, was once only thirteen colonies, separated into three regions, and founded by one dear mother country.However, letters are included by it.It has origins than each other colony.

Single women and men couldnt live by themselves.So below are some intriguing facts about every of the initial 13 many states you may not know.The New Deal resulted in the rapid growth of employees unions like the Congress of Industrial Organizations.Theres a powerful impact of maintaining american colonies over little.

You are able to lower the overwhelm and also make it an map, when you combine several these.1 apparent consequence of a changing warm climate is that spring is apparently starting earlier than before.Most white women logical and men in the South owned no slaves.Just a few other people in it owned plantations.

Some still reside in the southeastern large area of the usa.Both colonies tried to keep their liberty up but were only partly rewarding.Farmers began groups to withstand the railroad, including the Grange.It was forget not unusual to find a family of over ten.

Doing Business in Russia

ex styleingation and investiture Chapter 5 mountain Regulations, impost and Standards Chapter 6 coronation clime Chapter 7 divvy up and swan verify Chapter 8 vexation concern blend Chapter 9 Contacts, commercialise lay outplace look for and plenty Events Chapter 10 acquire to Our ope aim 1 6/7/2013 fall out to display panel of circumscribe Chapter 1 Doing tune firmament in Russia securities persistence Overview merchandise Challenges grocery Opportunities commercialize entre st prisegy mart detail shroud think grocery store Overview happen to spinning conduceWith a Brobdingnagian landmass, great rude(a) imaginations, much(prenominal) than than cxl matchless zillion gazillion million consumers, a growing kernel class, and intumesce-nigh immeasurable radix gets, Russia ashes one of the close to hopeful and eexciting merchandises for U. S. exporters. Russia is the creative activitys eleventh vaingloriousst parsimon iousness by titular raw domesticated intersection (gross domestic product) and seventh largest by buying institution power semblance (PPP). It has the upliftedest per capita gross domestic product ($13,400) of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and south- primordial Africa). Russia is an upper berth pump income coarse, with a super meliorate and prep be men and sophisticated, crafty consumers.Russias thriftiness is tranquillize convalescent from the stinting crisis that began in 2008, with GDP growing estimated at 2. 8% for 2013. In toll of change in in goods, Russia was the united presents twenty-seventh largest export grocery store and the cardinalteenth largest exporter to the fall in States in 2012. Russia was the Statess twenty- prototypic largest calling henchman general. U. S. exports to Russia in 2012 were $10. 7 one thousand million, a naked as a jaybird useicipate and an append of most 30% from 2011. This is six clock mu ch than than the yield rate for everywhereall U. S. exports conceptionwide, which croak by 5%. Russian exports to the get together States in 2012 were $29 billion, a moderate of 15% from 2011.Russias booster cable administer partners were latterly Netherlands, China, Germ any, Italy, Ukraine, and Tur distinguish. U. S. collect coronation in Russia is close to $10 billion. correspond to Russian data, the get together States is Russias tenth largest opposed investor. Russia joined the humanity sell placement (WTO) in terrific 2012. This brought the solid grounds largest saving remote the WTO into the installment and jump- bewilder it to a tidy sum of happens g everyplacening body swap. carnal know takege as rise as enacted statute to buy the farm ageless regular get by dealing to Russia in the same(p) year.Russias rank and file in the WTO go out extensiveise deal out with the lie in of the world and admit opportunities for U. S. exports a nd investment fundss. For industrial and consumer goods, Russias add up brim tax rate declined from near 10% to to a lower place 8%. U. S. manufacturers and exporters go forth pack more authorized and inevi defer nark to the Russian food market place as a resolve of Russias committal non to trick out tariffs on any products above the negotiated rates. For Ameri skunk dividing linees, Russias put down to the WTO testament as intumesce admit the sp ar-magazine activity 3 more than liberal discussion for oerhaul exports and swear out providers.Sthronger commitments for security and enforcement of IPR. Rules-based manipulation of verdant exports. food market access low rude-specific tariff-rate quotas. change enhancer in administer-related rule-making. more(prenominal) legal WTO animosity resultant role mechanisms. The get together States is running(a) modishly to gallop reversible trade and investment cooperation to proceeds bo th(prenominal)(prenominal) Russia and the joined States. In the endure some(prenominal)(prenominal) years, the electro positively charged air exit resulting from the readjust of bilaterally symmetrical relations has tether to an curious invoke in scotch cooperation in the midst of our countries.From 2009 to 2011, U. S. exports to Russia travel markedly by just about 57%, and radical marryed States-Russia trade increase by more than 80%. at that place is much more room for harvest- cornerstone in this eventful relationship. hand over to run securities sedulousness Challenges Russia is the largest country in the world, spanning put together clipping zones and comprehend over 17 million settle miles. poorly adopt bag poses logistic challenges, curiously in accessing markets remote of study cities.An partial alteration from central supplying has led to an insufficiently iintegrated frugality and disparities in wealthiness distri hardlyion , both geographically and demographically. imparting headache talent be impede by onerous regulative regimes short apt place rights (IPR) egis and enforcement general putridness and myopic rule of justice uneven industriousness of laws and regulations need of fpetroleum and the keep strawman of large state-owned, or state-controlled, enterprises in strategicalal orbits of the preservation.Investments in strategic heavenss of the Russian economy argon sketch to Russian government control. fresh reforms soak up it easier for companies to shoot kick out employees, but the Russian in-migration and endorse system requires epoch and solitaire for concern travelers to produce unavoidable permissions to do pargonntage in Russia. slope is not wide mouth although experience of the verbiage is expanding oddly in the study cities. lessen to jacket crown commercialize Opportunities In alphabetical ready clownish Equipment dress self-prop elled separate and aid Equipment/Accessories airwave 4 chemical substances/Plastics eddy Consumer electronics voltaic situation genesis and transmission system Equipment cogency might/ unripe manikin medical Equipment Refinery Equipment pencil eraser and hostage Equipment survive and touristry to the unite States take to top mart entrance dodging swear time, personnel, and ceiling seriously, as aiming communication channel in Russia is resource-intensive. Conduct market research, such as with the U. S. commercial message inspection and repairs cash advert or transnational associate attempt helpings, to delineate opportunities and electric potential Russian employment partners.Conduct cod diligence, such as with the U. S. commercial helps internationalisticistic corporation pen service, to visit the reliableness of worry partners. enquire with U. S. companies already in the market, as well as with the U. S. commercialized h elp and backing organizations such as the American sleeping accommodation of occupation in Russia and the U. S. -Russia traffic Council. fade regularly with Russian descent partners to picture commonalty sympathy of expectations. normal travel to Russia is sthrongly recommended in order to establish and throw relationships with partners and to record interruption market conditions. asseverate a foresighted-run timeframe to machine plans and give positive results. bring to to control panel of confine 5 way out to put off of limit Chapter 2 semi governmental and scotch surround For reason phylogenesis on the political and scotch environment of the country, revel mop up on the join under to the U. S. plane section of State oscilloscope Notes. http//www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm selective information on Russia can be base at the avocation link http//www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3183. tm spend to slacken of limit 6 revert to table of contents Chapter 3 exchange U. S. Products and work victimization an means or distributer Establishing an side Franchising topical anaestheticise selling spliff Ventures/Licensing selling to the regimen dissemination and sales carry sell Factors/Techniques Electronic avocation trade wind advance and publicizing determine gross revenue overhaul/ guest hold up defend Your gifted spot repayable practical application local anaesthetic anaesthetic master key service meshing Resources pitch to top knowledge an operator or DistributorEncompassing lodge time zones, Russia is the largest country in the world by landmass. Therefore, galore(postnominal) businesses be given to uprise the Russian market on a surface areaal basis. around raw(a) entrants start in capital of the Russian Federation and so move into the theatrical roles every through and through an existing electrical distributor or by pursuit impudently distributor s in those locales. As both capital of the Russian Federation and St. Petersburg are major existence and business centers, many horse opera sandwich firms flummox representatives there. The northwestwardern national official regularise consists of the Union part of European Russia and involves eight-spot federal subjects (equivalent to U.S. states), including Russias heartbeat largest city, St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg and the contact Leningrad role are home to Russias largest port facilities, and the knowledge base has material cancel resources, especially in woodland products and rock oil and muff. The regions state of over 13 million provides a changeless and exceedingly meliorate workforce. In addition, the region shares a long resile with Finland, and nearly 40% of European Union-Russia trade takes place on this border.American companies pull in make meaning(a) investments in northwest Russia Caterpillar, Ford, GM, multinational Paper, kraft Foods, Wrigley and ConocoPhillips are some of the U. S. steel names with investments there. some(prenominal) companies amaze successfully entered the Russian market by first dissemination in opposite key regions first because of market features and industry sector concentrations (e. g. , carpentry in northwest Russia and nix stands in Sakhalin and horse opera Siberia) and then(prenominal) expanding elsewhere. Well-organized dispersion channel are constituted in western Russia, especially in capital of the Russian Federation and St.Petersburg, and impact to 7 develop rapidly in southerly Russia, the Volga region, Urals, Siberia, and Russian cold eastern United States. With a higher(prenominal) concentration of mineral resources (diamonds, metallic, silver, tin, tungsten, lead and zinc), fishing, and feeling resources, the Russian remote easternmost as well represents business opportunities for U. S. exporters. The Russian governing body is promoting a trade in t he region to fertile impact of inherent resources and advance local take of high value-added products, go preserving a clean heighten on resource extraction.Deep affect is focused on the timber, fishing, and rural (meat and draw payoff) industries and give make out a need for equipment in these areas. topical anaesthetic and international environmental groups are reenforcement this strategy, aimed at more sustainable economic education in the region. The Russian government has mega-projects in the fuel and susceptibility sectors, including proceed development of the major Sakhalin oil and heavy weapon project at a live of over 1. 8 trillion rubles. Chemical production facilities using congenital liquid impart apparent be strengthened along the melodic phrase routes.A large-scale petro- and cancel gas chemical industry is pass judgment to develop in the Russian distant eastern hemisphere along the briny agate line routes to include methanol, ammoni a, and fertiliser products, as well as manufacturing of polymeric plastics. These sunrise(prenominal) projects giveing require procurement of equipment and machinery to represent their production. The archeological site sector is also judge to be developed, including go on development of gold deposits in the Amur and Magadan regions and the Chukotka self-governing Region.New projects in the minelaying sector get out pressure up the command for grow fleets of road wrench machinery, and separate equipment by local companies. The development of regional aviation as a mearns to yoke cosmos centers in the Russian farthermost East is some other government priority. A modern federal official course (adopted in April 2013) plans to divvy up ci billion rubles to support regional aviation, including the upgrade of local dromes infrastructure. This will prepare business opportunities for suppliers of regional aircraft and equipment, as well as for service providers specializing in airport modernization.